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898 lines
No EOL
49 KiB
Text
==Phrack Magazine==
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Volume Four, Issue Forty-Three, File 9 of 27
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How to "Hack" BlackJack
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By
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Lex Luthor
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and
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The Legion of Gamblerz!! (LOG)
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lex@mindvox.phantom.com (or) lex@stormking.com
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Part 1 of 2 (50K)
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BLURB:
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"I learned a lot of things I didn't know from Lex's File" ---Bruce Sterling
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Introduction:
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-------------
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With the DEF CON 1 hacker/cyberpunk/law enforcement/security/etc convention
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coming up in Las Vegas, Nevada on July 9-12 1993, I felt that now would be a
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good time to write a "phile" on something the attendants could put to use to
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help legally defray the costs of going. The thought of a bunch of ex-hackers
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running around Las Vegas without shirts (having 'lost' them in the various
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Casinos) frightened me into immediate action. Besides, I don't write articles
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on 'Underground' topics anymore and since I have done a lot of research and
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playing of Casino BlackJack, the CON in Vegas provided me the perfect excuse
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to finally write an article for PHRACK (not withstanding the pro-phile in
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Issue 40 which doesn't really count).
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Regardless of whether you go to this DEF CON 1 thing, if you ever plan to
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hit a casino with the purpose of MAKING MONEY, then you really should
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concentrate on ONE game of chance: BlackJack. Why? Because BlackJack is the
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*ONLY* casino game that affords the educated and skilled player a long-term
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mathematical advantage over the house. All the other casino games: Craps,
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Roulette, Slots, etc. have the long-term mathematical advantage over the
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player (see table below). BlackJack is also the only casino game for which the
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odds are always changing. Don't be fooled by all the glitter, a casino is a
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business and must make a profit to survive. The profit is ensured by using a
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set of rules which provides them with an edge. Now you say: wait a sec, how do
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they make money if BlackJack can be beaten? There are a couple of reasons. One
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reason is that there are very few good players who make it their profession to
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beat casinos at BlackJack day in and day out. There are many more who THINK
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they are good, THINK they know how to play the game, and lose more money than
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the really good players win. Notwithstanding the throngs of vacationers who
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admit to not being well versed in the game and consequently are doomed to
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lose...plenty. Another reason is that if a casino thinks you are a "counter"
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(a term just as nasty as "phreaker" to the phone company) there is a good
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chance that they will ask you to leave. See the section on Social Engineering
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the Casino to avoid being spotted as a counter. Also, the house secures its
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advantage in BlackJack from the fact that the player has to act first. If you
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bust, the dealer wins your bet regardless of whether the dealer busts later.
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The following table illustrates my point regarding house advantages for the
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various casino games and BlackJack strategies. The data is available in most
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books on casino gambling. Note that negative percentages denote player
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disadvantages and are therefore house advantages.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------
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GAME Your Advantage (over the long run)
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Craps -1.4 % overall average
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Baccarat -1.1 % to -5.0 %
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Roulette -2.7 % to -5.26 %
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Slots -2.5 to -25 % depending on machine setting
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Keno -25 % more or less
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BlackJack (WAG Player) -2 % to -15 %
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BlackJack (Mirror Dealer) -5.7 %
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BlackJack (Basic Strategy) -0.2 % to +0.3 %
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BlackJack (Basic Strategy & Up to +3.1 % depending on card counting
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Card Counting) system and betting range.
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A -2 % player advantage (2 percent disadvantage) means that if you play a
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hundred hands at a dollar each, then ON AVERAGE, you will lose two dollars.
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Note that the typical "pick three" State Lottery game is a disaster as your
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advantage is -50 %. If you make 1000 $1 bets, you will lose $500 on average.
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Some people say that state lotteries are taxation on the stupid...
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This article contains thirteen sections. It was written in a fairly modular
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fashion so if there are sections which do not interest you, you may omit them
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without much loss in continuity however, all the sections are networked to
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some degree. For the sake of completeness, a fairly comprehensive list of
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topics has been presented. Due to email file size restrictions, I had to
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divide this article into two parts. Note that I am NOT a Professional
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BlackJack player, the definition being someone whose livelihood is derived
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solely from his/her winnings. I did however, dedicate a summer to gambling 5
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evenings a week or so, keeping meticulous records of wins, losses and expenses
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incurred. I averaged 1-2 nights a week playing BlackJack with the other nights
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divided among 3 different forms of Pari-Mutual gambling. At the end of the
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summer I tallied the wins/losses/expenses and am proud to say the result was a
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positive net earnings. Unfortunately it was instantly apparent that the net
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money when divided up by the number of weeks gambling was not enough to
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warrant me to quit school and become a professional gambler. Besides that
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one summer, I have played BlackJack off and on for 7 years or so. In case you
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were wondering, no, I have never been a member of GA [Gamblers Anonymous]
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contrary to what one of those Bell Security "Hit-Lists" circulated many years
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ago would have you believe. The topics contained herein are:
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o Historical Background of the BlackJack Card Game
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o Useful Gambling, Casino, and BlackJack Definitions
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o Review of BlackJack Rules of Play
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o Betting, Money Management, and the Psychology of Gambling
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o Basic Strategy (End of Part 1)
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o Card Counting (Beginning of Part 2)
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o Shuffle Tracking
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o Casino Security and Surveillance
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o "Social Engineering" the Casino
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o Casino Cheating and Player Cheating
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o Some Comments Regarding Computer BlackJack Games for PC's
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o A VERY Brief Description of Other Casino Games
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o Selected Bibliography and Reference List
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Notes:
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a) I made extensive use of my many books, articles, and magazines on
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gambling and BlackJack along with actual playing experience. References are
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denoted by square brackets [REF#] and are listed in the Selected Bibliography
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and Reference List section.
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b) It's hard to win at something you don't understand. If you want to win
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consistently at anything, learn every thing you can about it. BlackJack is no
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exception.
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History of BlackJack:
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---------------------
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I provide this historical background information because I find it rather
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fascinating and it also provides some insight into contemporary rules and
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play. I think it is worth reading for the sole reason that you might some day
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use one of the historical tid-bits to answer a question on Jeopardy!#@%!
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Seriously, the first couple of paragraphs may read a bit like a book report,
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but bear with it if you can as I did all of the following research
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specifically for this file.
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First, a brief history of cards: Playing cards are believed to have been
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invented in China and/or India sometime around 900 A.D. The Chinese are
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thought to have originated card games when they began shuffling paper money
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(another Chinese invention) into various combinations. In China today, the
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general term for playing cards means "paper tickets". The contemporary 52 card
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deck used in the U.S. was originally referred to as the "French Pack" (circa
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1600's) which was later adopted by the English and subsequently the Americans.
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The first accounts of gambling were in 2300 B.C. or so, and yes, the
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Chinese again get the credit. Gambling was very popular in Ancient Greece even
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though it was illegal and has been a part of the human experience ever since.
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Today, with the all too common manipulation of language to suit one's own
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purposes, gambling is no longer a term used by casinos....they prefer to use
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the word GAMING instead. Just as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder has replaced
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the term Shell Shock in military jargon. Since this manipulation of language
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is all the rage these days, why don't we water down the name Computer Hacker
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and replace it with Misguided Information Junky or someone who is afflicted
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with a Compulsive Curiosity Disorder?
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The history of the BlackJack card game itself is still disputed but was
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probably spawned from other French games such as "chemin de fer and French
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Ferme", both of which I am completely unfamiliar with. BlackJack originated in
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French Casino's around 1700 where it was called "vingt-et-un" ("twenty-and-
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one" in French) and has been played in the U.S. since the 1800's. BlackJack is
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called Black-Jack because if a player got a Jack of Spades and an Ace of
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Spades as the first two cards (Spade being the color black of course), the
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player was additionally remunerated.
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Gambling was legal out West from the 1850's to 1910 at which time Nevada
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made it a felony to operate a gambling game. In 1931, Nevada re-legalized
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casino gambling where BlackJack became one of the primary games of chance
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offered to gamblers. As some of you may recall, 1978 was the year casino
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gambling was legalized in Atlantic City, New Jersey. As of 1989, only two
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states had legalized casino gambling. Since then, about 20 states have a
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number of small time casinos (compared to Vegas) which have sprouted up in
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places such as Black Hawk and Cripple Creek Colorado and in river boats on the
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Mississippi. Also as of this writing, roughly 70 Native American Indian
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reservations operate or are building casinos, some of which are in New York
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and Connecticut. In addition to the U.S., some of the countries (there are
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many) operating casinos are: France, England, Monaco (Monte Carlo of course)
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and quite a few in the Caribbean islands (Puerto Rico, Bahamas, Aruba, etc.).
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Now: The first recognized effort to apply mathematics to BlackJack began in
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1953 and culminated in 1956 with a published paper [6]. Roger Baldwin et al
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(see Bibliography) wrote a paper in the Journal of the American Statistical
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Association titled "The Optimum Strategy in BlackJack". These pioneers used
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calculators, and probability and statistics theory to substantially reduce the
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house advantage. Although the title of their paper was 'optimum strategy', it
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wasn't really the best strategy because they really needed a computer to
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refine their system. I dug up a copy of their paper from the library, it is
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ten pages long and fairly mathematical. To give you an idea of its importance,
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the Baldwin article did for BlackJack playing what the November 1960 issue of
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The Bell System Technical Journal entitled, "Signalling Systems for Control of
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Telephone Switching", did for Blue Boxing.
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To continue with the analogy, one can consider Professor Edward O. Thorp to
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be the Captain Crunch of BlackJack. Dr. Thorp, then a mathematics teacher,
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picked up where Baldwin and company left off. In 1962, Thorp refined their
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basic strategy and developed the first card counting techniques. He published
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his results in "Beat the Dealer" [3], a book that became so popular that for a
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week in 1963 it was on the New York Time's best seller list. The book also
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scared the hell out of the Casino's. Thorp wrote "Beat the Market" in 1967, in
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which he used mathematics and computer algorithms to find pricing
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inefficiencies between stocks and related securities. Currently he is using an
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arbitrage formula to exploit undervalued warrants in the Japanese stock
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market.
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The Casinos were so scared after Beat the Dealer, that they even changed
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the rules of the game to make if more difficult for the players to win. This
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didn't last long as people protested by not playing the new pseudo-BlackJack.
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The unfavorable rules resulted in a loss of income for the casinos. Not making
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money is a sin for a casino, so they quickly reverted back to the original
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rules. Because Thorp's "Ten-Count" method wasn't easy to master and many
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people didn't really understand it anyway, the casinos made a bundle from the
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game's newly gained popularity thanks to Thorp's book and all the media
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attention it generated.
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Beat the Dealer is rather difficult to find these days, I picked up a copy
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at the library recently and checked the card in the back to see how popular
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it is today. I was surprised as hell to find that it was checked out over 20
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times in the past year and a half or so! How many books from 1962 can claim
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that? I do not recommend reading the book for anything other than posterity
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purposes though, the reason being that newer books contain better, and easier
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to learn strategies.
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Another major contributor in the history of winning BlackJack play is
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Julian Braun who worked at IBM. His thousands of lines of computer code and
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hours of BlackJack simulation on IBM mainframes resulted in THE Basic
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Strategy, and a number of card counting techniques. His conclusions were used
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in a 2nd edition of Beat the Dealer, and later in Lawrence Revere's 1977 book
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"Playing BlackJack as a Business".
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Lastly, let me mention Ken Uston, who used five computers that were built
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into the shoes of members of his playing team in 1977. They won over a hundred
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thousand dollars in a very short time but one of the computers was
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confiscated and sent to the FBI. The fedz decided that the computer used
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public information on BlackJack playing and was not a cheating device. You may
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have seen this story in a movie made about his BlackJack exploits detailed in
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his book "The Big Player". Ken was also featured on a 1981 Sixty Minutes show
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and helped lead a successful legal challenge to prevent Atlantic City casinos
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from barring card counters.
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Useful Definitions:
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-------------------
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Just as in Social Engineering the Phone Company, an essential element for
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success is knowing the right buzzwords and acronyms. Therefore, I list some
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relevant definitions now, even though the reader will probably skip over them
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to get to the good stuff. The definitions merely serve as a reference for
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those who are uninitiated with the terminology of gambling, casinos, and
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BlackJack. If you encounter a term you don't understand in the article, look
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back here. The definitions are not in alphabetical order on purpose. I grouped
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them in what I feel is a logical and easy to remember fashion.
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Action: This is a general gambling term which refers to the total amount of
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money bet in a specific period of time. Ten bets of ten dollars each
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is $100 of action.
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Burn Card: A single card taken from the top of the deck or the first card in
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a shoe which the dealer slides across the table from his/her left
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to the right, and is placed into the discard tray. The card may or
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may not be shown face up (which can affect the count if you are
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counting cards). A card is burned after each shuffle. I have
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not been able to find out how this started nor the purpose for
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burning a card. If you know, drop me some email.
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Cut Card: A solid colored card typically a piece of plastic which is given to
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a player by the dealer for the purpose of cutting the deck(s) after
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a shuffle. Cutting the cards in the 'right' location is part of
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the 'shuffle tracking' strategy mentioned later in Part 2.
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Hole Card: Any face down card. The definition most often refers to the
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dealer's single face down card however.
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Shoe: A device that can hold up to eight decks of cards which allows the
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dealer to slide out the cards one at a time.
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Hard Hand: A hand in which any Ace is counted as a 1 and not as an 11.
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Soft Hand: A hand in which any Ace is counted as an 11 and not as a 1.
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Pat Hand: A hand with a total of 17 to 21.
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Stand: To decline another card.
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Hit: To request another card.
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Bust: When a hand's value exceeds 21....a losing hand.
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Push: A player-dealer tie.
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Pair: When a player's first two cards are numerically identical (ie, 7,7).
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Point Count: The net value of the card count at the end of a hand.
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Running Count: The count from the beginning of the deck or shoe. The running
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count is updated by the value of the point count after each
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hand.
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True Count: The running count adjusted to account for the number of cards left
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in the deck or shoe to be played.
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Bankroll: The stake (available money) a player plans to bet with.
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Flat Bet: A bet which you do not vary ie, if you are flat betting ten dollars,
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you are betting $10 each and every hand without changing the betting
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amount from one hand to the next.
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Black Chip: A $100. chip.
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Green Chip: A $25.00 chip.
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Red Chip: A $5.00 chip.
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Foreign Chip: A chip that is issued by one casino and is honored by another
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as cash. A casino is not necessarily obligated to accept them.
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Settlement: The resolving of the bet. Either the dealer takes your chips,
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pays you, or in the case of a push, no exchange of chips occurs.
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Toke: Its not what some of you may think...to "toke" the dealer is just
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another word for tipping the dealer.
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Marker: An IOU. A line of credit provided by the casino to a player.
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Junket: An organized group of gamblers that travel to a casino together.
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Junkets are usually subsidized by a casino to attract players.
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Comp: Short for complimentary. If you wave lots of money around, the casino
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(hotel) may give you things like a free room or free f00d hoping you'll
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keep losing money at the tables in their casino.
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Heat: The pressure a casino puts on a winning player, typically someone who
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is suspected of being a card counter.
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Shuffle Up: Prematurely shuffling the cards to harass a player who is usually
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suspected of being a counter.
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Nut: The overhead costs of running the casino.
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Pit: The area inside a group of gaming tables. The tables are arranged in
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an elliptical manner, the space inside the perimeter is the pit.
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House: The Casino of course.
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Cage: Short for cashier's cage. This is where chips are redeemed for cash,
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checks cashed, credit arranged, etc.
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House Percentage: The casino's advantage in a particular game of chance.
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Drop Percentage: That portion of the player's money that the casino will win
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because of the house percentage. It is a measure of the
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amount of a player's initial stake that he or she will
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eventually lose. On average this number is around 20 percent.
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That is, on average, Joe Gambler will lose $20 of every $100
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he begins with.
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Head-On: To play alone at a BlackJack table with the dealer.
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WAG Player: Wild Assed Guessing player.
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SWAG Player: Scientific Wild Assed Guessing player.
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Tough Player: What the casino labels an '3L33T' player who can hurt the casino
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monetarily with his or her intelligent play.
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Counter: Someone who counts cards.
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High Roller: A big bettor.
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Mechanic: Someone who is elite in regards to manipulating cards, typically for
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illicit purposes.
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Shill: A house employee who bets money and pretends to be a player to attract
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customers. Shills typically follow the same rules as the dealer which
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makes them somewhat easy to spot (ie, they don't Double Down or Split).
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Pit Boss: An employee of the casino whose job is to supervise BlackJack
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players, dealers, and other floor personnel.
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Review of BlackJack Rules of Play:
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----------------------------------
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The rules of BlackJack differ slightly from area to area and/or from casino
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to casino. For example, a casino in downtown Vegas may have different rules
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than one of the Vegas Strip casinos which may have different rules from a
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casino up in Reno or Tahoe (Nevada). The rules in a casino in Freeport Bahamas
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may differ from those in Atlantic City, etc. Therefore, it is important to
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research, a priori, what the rules are for the area/casino(s) you plan on
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playing in. For Nevada casinos you can order a copy of [1] which contains
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rules info on all the licensed casinos in the state. Later in this article,
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you will see that each set of rule variations has a corresponding Basic
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Strategy chart that must be memorized. Memorizing all the charts can be too
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confusing and is not recommended.
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The BlackJack table seats a dealer and one to seven players. The first seat
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on the dealer's left is referred to as First Base, the first seat on the
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dealer's right is referred to as Third Base. A betting square is printed on
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the felt table in front of each player seat. Immediately in front of the
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dealer is the chip tray. On the dealer's left is the deck or shoe and beside
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that should be the minimum bet sign--something that you ought to read before
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sitting down to play. On the dealer's immediate right is the money drop slot
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where all currency and tips (chips) are deposited. Next to the drop slot is
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the discard tray. Play begins after the following ritual is completed: the
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dealer shuffles the cards, the deck(s) is "cut" by a player using the marker
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card, and the dealer "burns" a card.
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Before any cards are dealt, the players may make a wager by placing the
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desired chips (value and number) into the betting box. I used the word "may"
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because you are not forced to bet every hand. Occasionally a player may sit
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out a hand or two for various reasons. I have sat out a couple of hands at
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times when the dealer was getting extremely lucky and everyone was losing. If
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you attempt to sit out too many hands especially if there are people waiting
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to play at your table, you may be asked to leave the table until you are ready
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to play. If you don't have any chips, put some cash on the table and the
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dealer will exchange them for chips.
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Once all the bets are down, two cards (one at a time) are dealt from left
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to right. In many Vegas casinos, players get both cards face down. In Atlantic
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City and most every where else the player's cards are dealt face up. Should
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the cards be dealt face up, don't make the faux pas of touching them! They are
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dealt face up for a reason, primarily to prevent a few types of player
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cheating (see section on cheating in Part 2) and the dealer will sternly but
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nicely tell you not to touch the cards. As most of you know the dealer receives
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one card down and one card up. The numerical values of the cards are:
|
||
(10, J, Q, K) = 10 ; (Ace) = 1 or 11 ; (other cards) = face value (3 = 3).
|
||
|
||
Since a casino can be as noisy as an old Step-by-Step Switch with all those
|
||
slot machines going, marbles jumping around on roulette wheels, demoniacal
|
||
shrieks of "YO-LEVEN" at the craps table, people screaming that they hit the
|
||
big one and so on, hand signals are usually the preferred method of signalling
|
||
hit, stand, etc.
|
||
|
||
If the cards were dealt face down and you want a hit, lightly flick the
|
||
cards across the felt two times. If the cards were dealt face up, point at the
|
||
cards with a quick stabbing motion. You may also want to nod your head yes
|
||
while saying "hit". The best way to indicate to the dealer that you want to
|
||
stand regardless of how the cards were dealt is to move your hand from left
|
||
to right in a level attitude with your palm down. Your hand should be a few
|
||
inches or so above the table. Nodding your head no at the same time helps,
|
||
while saying "stay" or "stand".
|
||
|
||
Permit me to interject a comment on the number of decks used in a game.
|
||
Single deck games are pretty much restricted to Nevada casinos. In the casinos
|
||
that have one-deck games, the tables are usually full. Multiple deck games
|
||
typically consist of an even number of decks (2, 4, 6, 8) although a few
|
||
casinos use 5 or 7 decks. The two main reasons many casinos use multiple decks
|
||
are:
|
||
1) They allow the dealer to deal more hands per hour thereby increasing
|
||
the casino take.
|
||
|
||
2) They reduce but in no way eliminate the player advantage gained
|
||
from card counting.
|
||
|
||
Dealer Rules - The rules the dealer must play by are very simple. If the
|
||
dealer's hand is 16 or less, he/she must take a card. If the dealer's hand is
|
||
17 or more, he/she must stand. Note that some casinos allow the dealer to hit
|
||
on soft 17 which gives the house a very small additional advantage. The
|
||
dealer's strategy is fixed and what you and the other players have is
|
||
immaterial to him/her as far as hitting and standing is concerned.
|
||
|
||
Player rules - The player can do whatever he/she wants as far as hitting and
|
||
standing goes with the exception of the following special circumstances. See
|
||
the section on Basic Strategy for the appropriate times to hit, stand, split,
|
||
and double down. The aim is to have a hand which is higher than the dealers'.
|
||
If there is a tie (push), neither you nor the dealer wins. Should a player get
|
||
a BlackJack (first 2 cards are an Ace and a ten) the payoff is 150% more than
|
||
the original bet ie, bet $10.00 and the payoff is $15.00.
|
||
|
||
DOUBLE DOWN: Doubling down is restricted to 2-card hands usually totalling
|
||
9, 10, or 11 although some casinos allow doubling down on any 2-card hand. If
|
||
your first two cards provide you with the appropriate total and your cards
|
||
were dealt face down, turn them over and put them on the dealer's side of the
|
||
betting square. If your first two cards provide you with the appropriate total
|
||
and your cards were dealt face up, point to them and say "double" when the
|
||
dealer prompts you for a card and simultaneously put an equal amount of chips
|
||
NEXT TO (not on top of) those already in the betting box. The dealer will give
|
||
you one more card only, then he/she will move on to the next hand.
|
||
|
||
SPLITTING PAIRS: If you have a pair that you want to split and your cards are
|
||
dealt face down, turn them over and place them a few inches apart. If your
|
||
cards were dealt face up, point to your cards and say "split" when the dealer
|
||
prompts you for a card. The original bet will go with one card and you will
|
||
have to place an equal amount of chips in the betting box near the other card.
|
||
You are now playing two hands, each as though they were regular hands with the
|
||
exception being that if you have just split two aces. In that case, you only
|
||
get one card which will hopefully be a 10. If it is a ten, that hand's total
|
||
is now 21 but the hand isn't considered a BlackJack. That is, you are paid 1:1
|
||
and not 1:1.5 as for a natural (BlackJack).
|
||
|
||
Combined example of above two plays: Say you are dealt two fives. You split
|
||
them (you dummy!). The next card is another 5 and you re-split them (you
|
||
chucklehead!!). Three hands have grown out of one AND you are now in for
|
||
three times your original bet. But wait. Say the next card is a six. So one
|
||
hand is a 5,6 which gives you eleven; another just has a 5 and the other hand
|
||
has a 5. You decide to double down on the first hand. You are dealt a 7 giving
|
||
18 which you stand on. Now a ten is dealt for the second hand and you decide
|
||
to stay at 15. The last hand is the lonely third 5, which is dealt a four for
|
||
a total of nine. You decide to double down and get an eight giving that hand a
|
||
total of 17. Shit you say, you started with a twenty dollar bet and now you
|
||
are in for a hundred! Better hope the dealer doesn't end up with a hand more
|
||
than 18 lest you lose a C-note. The moral of this example is to not get caught
|
||
up in the excitement and make rash decisions. However, there have been a
|
||
couple of times where Basic Strategy dictated that certain split and double
|
||
down plays should be made and I was very low on chips (and cash). Unless you
|
||
are *really* psychic, don't go against Basic Strategy! I didn't and usually
|
||
came out the better for it although I was really sweating the outcome of the
|
||
hand due to my low cash status. The reason it was stupid to split two fives is
|
||
that you are replacing a hand that is great for drawing on or doubling down
|
||
on, by what will probably be two shitty hands.
|
||
|
||
INSURANCE: This option comes into play when the dealer's up card is an Ace. At
|
||
this point all the players have two cards. The dealer does not check his/her
|
||
hole card before asking the players if they want insurance. The reason being
|
||
evident as the dealer can't give away the value of the hole card if the dealer
|
||
doesn't know what the hole card is. If a player wants insurance, half the
|
||
original amount bet is placed on the semicircle labeled "insurance" which is
|
||
printed on the table. If the dealer has a BlackJack the player wins the side
|
||
bet (the insurance bet) but loses the original bet, thus providing no net loss
|
||
or gain since insurance pays 2 to 1. If the dealer does not have a BlackJack,
|
||
the side bet is lost and the hand is played normally. If you are not counting
|
||
cards DO NOT TAKE INSURANCE! The proper Basic Strategy play is to decline. The
|
||
time to take insurance is when the number of non-tens to tens drops below a
|
||
2 to 1 margin since insurance pays 2 to 1. It's simple math check it yourself.
|
||
|
||
SURRENDER: This is a fairly obscure option that originated in Manila
|
||
(Philippines) in 1958 and isn't available in many casinos. There are two
|
||
versions, "early surrender" and "late surrender". Early surrender allows
|
||
players to quit two-card hands after seeing the up card of the dealer. This
|
||
option provides the player an additional 0.62 percent favorable advantage
|
||
(significant) and therefore the obvious reason why many Atlantic City casinos
|
||
abandoned the option in 1982. Late surrender is the same as early except that
|
||
the player must wait until the dealer checks for a BlackJack. If the dealer
|
||
does not have a BlackJack then the player may surrender. The following table
|
||
was taken verbatim from [5] and is valid for games with 4+ decks. It details
|
||
the best strategy regarding late surrender as determined from intensive
|
||
computer simulation:
|
||
|
||
TWO-CARD HAND TOTAL DEALER'S UP-CARD
|
||
------------- ----- ----------------
|
||
9,7 16 ACE
|
||
10,6 * 16 * ACE
|
||
9,7 * 16 * 10
|
||
10,6 * 16 * 10
|
||
9,7 * 16 * 10
|
||
10,5 * 15 * 10
|
||
9,7 16 9
|
||
10,5 16 9
|
||
|
||
"In a single-deck game, you would surrender only the above hands
|
||
marked with an asterisk, as well as 7,7 against a dealer's 10
|
||
up-card." [5]
|
||
|
||
Casino variations - Note that some casinos do not permit doubling down on
|
||
split pairs, and/or re-splitting pairs. These options provide the player with
|
||
a slight additional advantage.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Betting, Money Management, and the Psychology of Gambling:
|
||
----------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
Let me begin this section with the following statement: SCARED MONEY RARELY
|
||
WINS. Most gambling books devote quite a bit of time to the psychology of
|
||
gambling and rightfully so. There is a fine line to responsible gambling. On
|
||
one hand you shouldn't bet money that you cannot afford to lose. On the other
|
||
hand, if you are betting with money you expect to lose, where is your
|
||
confidence? When I used to gamble, it was small time. I define small time as
|
||
bringing $250.00 of 'losable' money. I've lost that much in one night. I
|
||
didn't like it, but I still ate that week. One pitfall you can easily fall
|
||
into happens AFTER you lose. You scold yourself for losing money you could
|
||
have done something productive with. "DAMN, I could have bought a 200 MB hard
|
||
drive with that!#&!". You should think about these things BEFORE you play.
|
||
|
||
Scared money is more in the mind than real. What I mean by that is even if
|
||
you gamble with your last $10.00 in the world, it is important to play as
|
||
though you have thousands of dollars in front of you. I don't mean piss the
|
||
ten bucks away. I mean that there are certain plays you should make according
|
||
to your chosen strategy which are the optimum mathematically. Don't make
|
||
changes to it out of fear. Fear is not your friend.
|
||
|
||
The "risk of ruin" is the percent chance that you will lose your entire
|
||
bankroll. This percentage should not exceed 5% if you plan on playing multiple
|
||
sessions to make money. The risk of ruin is dependent on the sizes of your
|
||
bets during a session. The "Kelly Criterion" provides a zero percent risk of
|
||
ruin. The system requires that you bet according to the percent advantage you
|
||
have at any one time. For example, if you are counting cards and your
|
||
advantage for a certain hand is 2% then you may bet 2% of your total bankroll.
|
||
If your total is $1000. then you can bet $20. Note that if you won the hand
|
||
your bankroll is now $1020 and if your advantage dropped to 1.5%, taking .015
|
||
times 1020 (which will determine your next bet size) in your head isn't all
|
||
that easy. The literature provides more reasonable systems, but do yourself a
|
||
favor and stay away from "betting progressions". See Reference [16] (available
|
||
on the Internet) for more information regarding risk of ruin & optimal wagers.
|
||
|
||
If you are gambling to make money, it is important to define how much cash
|
||
you can lose before quitting. This number is called the "stop-loss limit". My
|
||
stop-loss limit was my entire session bankroll which was $250 (50 betting
|
||
units of $5.00 or 25 betting units of $10.00). This concept is especially
|
||
important if you expect to play in the casinos for more than one session. Most
|
||
books recommend that your session bankroll be about a fifth of your trip
|
||
bankroll. Unfortunately, most people who have $500 in their wallet with a self
|
||
imposed stop-loss limit is $200 will violate that limit should they lose the
|
||
two hundred. Discipline is what separates the great players from the ordinary
|
||
ones.
|
||
|
||
Obviously you don't want to put a limit on how much you want to win.
|
||
However, if you are keeping with a structured system there are certain limits
|
||
to what your minimum and maximum bets should be. I am not going to go into
|
||
that here though.
|
||
|
||
In my gambling experience, there has been one non-scientific concept that
|
||
has proven itself over and over again. NEVER BUCK A TREND! If you have just
|
||
won three hands in a row, don't think that you are now 'due' for a loss and
|
||
drastically scale back your bet. If you are winning go with it. A good friend
|
||
of mine who was my 'gambling mentor' won $30,000 in a 24 hour period with a
|
||
$200 beginning bankroll. This was not accomplished by scaling back bets. By
|
||
the same token, if you see that the players at a certain table are losing
|
||
consistently, don't sit down at that table. One problem that I've seen is when
|
||
someone has won a lot and starts to lose. Mentally, they keep saying, "if I
|
||
lose another $100 I will stop". They lose the hundred and say "no, really, the
|
||
NEXT $100 I lose, I will stop", etc. When they go broke, that's when they stop.
|
||
Live by the following graph typically designated as The Quitting Curve and you
|
||
won't fall into that trap:
|
||
|
||
| * <-+
|
||
| * * | Loss
|
||
^ | * * | Limit
|
||
| | * * <----QUIT! <-+
|
||
| | *
|
||
W | *
|
||
i | *
|
||
n | *
|
||
n | *
|
||
i | *
|
||
n | *
|
||
g | *
|
||
|
|
||
|_________________________________________
|
||
Time ---------------->
|
||
|
||
Determine your loss limit and stay with it. Obviously the loss limit will
|
||
change as you keep winning. Standard loss limits are 10 to 20 percent of the
|
||
current bankroll. Note that this philosophy is also used in stock market
|
||
speculation.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Basic Strategy:
|
||
---------------
|
||
|
||
If you only read one section of this file, and you don't already know what
|
||
Basic Strategy is, then this is the section you should read. Knowing Basic
|
||
Strategy is CRITICAL to you gaining an advantage over the house. The Basic
|
||
Strategy for a particular set of rules was developed by intensive computer
|
||
simulation which performed a complete combinatorial analysis. The computer
|
||
"played" tens of thousands of hands for each BlackJack situation possible and
|
||
statistically decided as to which play decision favored the player. The
|
||
following 3 charts should be duplicated or cut out from a hardcopy of this
|
||
file. You don't want to wave them around at a BlackJack table but its nice to
|
||
have them on hand in case you fail to recall some plays, at which time you can
|
||
run to the rest room to refresh your memory.
|
||
|
||
I hope you don't think this is weird but I keep a copy of a certain Basic
|
||
Strategy chart in my wallet at ALL times...just in case. Just in case of what
|
||
you ask? Permit me to go off on a slight(?) tangent. The following story really
|
||
happened. In 1984 I was visiting LOD BBS co-sysop, Paul Muad'dib up in New York
|
||
City. After about a week we were very low on cash despite the Pay Phone
|
||
windfall mentioned in my Phrack Pro-Phile ;->. I contacted a friend of mine
|
||
who was working in New Jersey and he offered us a job for a couple of days. I
|
||
spent just about the last of my cash on bus fair for me and Paul figuring that
|
||
I would be getting more money soon. Some how, the destination was
|
||
miscommunicated and we ended up in Atlantic City, which was not the location of
|
||
the job. We were stuck. Our only recourse was to attempt to win some money to
|
||
get us back on track. First we needed a little more capital. Paul, being known
|
||
to physically impersonate phone company workers, and a Department of Motor
|
||
Vehicles computer technician among others, decided to impersonate a casino
|
||
employee so he could "look around". Look around he did, found a storage closet
|
||
with a portable cooler and a case of warm soda, not exactly a gold mine but
|
||
hey. He proceeded to walk that stuff right out of the casino. We commandeered
|
||
some ice and walked around the beach for an hour selling sodas. It wasn't all
|
||
that bad as scantily clad women seemed to be the ones buying them. To cut the
|
||
story short, Paul knew ESS but he didn't know BlackJack. He lost and we
|
||
resorted to calling up Sharp Razor, a fellow Legion member residing in NJ, who
|
||
gave us (or is it lent?) the cash to continue our journey. For the record, I
|
||
was fairly clueless about BlackJack at the time which really means that I
|
||
thought I knew how to play but really didn't because I didn't even know Basic
|
||
Strategy. The same goes for Paul. Had we had a chart on hand, we would at least
|
||
have made the correct plays.
|
||
|
||
Here are the charts, memorize the one that is appropriate:
|
||
|
||
|
||
Las Vegas Single Deck Basic Strategy Table
|
||
|
||
Dealer's Up-Card
|
||
Your +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
Hand | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | A |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 8 | H | H | H | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 9 | D | D | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 10 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 11 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 12 | H | H | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 13 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 14 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 15 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 16 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 17 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,2 | H | H | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,3 | H | H | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,4 | H | H | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,5 | H | H | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,6 | D | D | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,7 | S | D | D | D | D | S | S | H | H | S |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,8 | S | S | S | S | D | S | S | S | S | S |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,9 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,A | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 2,2 | H | P | P | P | P | P | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 3,3 | H | H | P | P | P | P | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 4,4 | H | H | H | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 6,6 | P | P | P | P | P | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 7,7 | P | P | P | P | P | P | H | H | S | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 8,8 | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 9,9 | P | P | P | P | P | S | P | P | S | S |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
|10,10| S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
H = Hit S = Stand D = Double Down P = Split
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
Las Vegas Multiple Deck Basic Strategy Table
|
||
|
||
Dealer's Up-Card
|
||
Your +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
Hand | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | A |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 8 | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 9 | H | D | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 10 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 11 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 12 | H | H | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 13 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 14 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 15 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 16 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 17 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,2 | H | H | H | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,3 | H | H | H | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,4 | H | H | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,5 | H | H | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,6 | H | D | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,7 | S | D | D | D | D | S | S | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,8 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,9 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,A | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 2,2 | H | H | P | P | P | P | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 3,3 | H | H | P | P | P | P | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 4,4 | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 6,6 | H | P | P | P | P | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 7,7 | P | P | P | P | P | P | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 8,8 | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 9,9 | P | P | P | P | P | S | P | P | S | S |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
|10,10| S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
H = Hit S = Stand D = Double Down P = Split
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
Atlantic City Multiple Deck Basic Strategy Table
|
||
|
||
Dealer's Up-Card
|
||
Your +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
Hand | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | A |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 8 | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 9 | H | D | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 10 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 11 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 12 | H | H | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 13 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 14 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 15 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 16 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 17 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,2 | H | H | H | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,3 | H | H | H | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,4 | H | H | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,5 | H | H | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,6 | H | D | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,7 | S | D | D | D | D | S | S | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,8 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,9 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| A,A | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 2,2 | P | P | P | P | P | P | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 3,3 | P | P | P | P | P | P | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 4,4 | H | H | H | P | P | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 6,6 | P | P | P | P | P | H | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 7,7 | P | P | P | P | P | P | H | H | H | H |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 8,8 | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
| 9,9 | P | P | P | P | P | S | P | P | S | S |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
|10,10| S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
|
||
+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
|
||
H = Hit S = Stand D = Double Down P = Split
|
||
|
||
|
||
End of "How To Hack BlackJack": File 1 of 2
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
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|
||
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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