A network is the type of carrier for your television signals. Tvheadend supports several different types of network, notably:

DVB-C : Cable TV, delivered via a cable to your house
DVB-S : Satellite (includes S2), so any signal coming in via a dish
DVB-T : Terrestrial, so over-the-air broadcasts received through a traditional television aerial
ATSC : Over-the-air terrestrial, common in north and central America and parts of south Asia
IPTV : IP, so over the Internet

The columns have the following functions:
Network Name
The name of the network. This can be set automatically or you can give it a name that means something to you (e.g. if you have multiple OTA networks).
Network Discovery
Whether automatic discovery is enabled for this network, i.e. whether Tvheadend looks for muxes or simply stays with the list of muxes as defined initially.
Skip initial Scan
Don't scan this network for muxes at Tvheadend start.
Idle Scan Muxes
Max Input Streams
Max Bandwidth
Max timeout
Network ID
Character Set
The character encoding for this network (e.g. UTF-8).